1. Laser Light Scattering of Lubricating Oils at High Pressure and Evaluation of Their Mechanical Properties  (2nd Report, Evaluation of Pressure Dependency of Sound Velocity and Density of Lubricating Oils by Brillouin Scattering) [in Japanese], Yuichi NAKAMURA, Ikuya FUJISHIRO, and Takayuki TAMURA*: Trans. of JSME, Ser. C, 59-559, pp.868-872, 1993.
   
   In the first report, laser light scattering apparatus and a diamond-anvil cell were designed and set up for the evaluation of mechanical properties of lubricating oils under high-pressure EHL conditions. Employing these apparatuses, Brillouin scatterings were measured for several alcohols, hydrocarbons and synthetic lubricating oils at high pressure. Pressure dependence of sound velocity and density for these liquids was obtained and was discussed considering the molecular structure of paraffinic oils and naphthenic oils.
   
2. Raman Scattering Measurements of Lubricants over Glass Transition Pressure, Ikuya FUJISHIRO, Yuichi NAKAMURA and Masayuki TSUNODA*: Macro/Micro/Meso Mechanical Properties of Materials, Proceedings of IMMM'93, pp.257-264, 1993.
   
   Raman scattering of lubricants were measured over glass transition pressure employing diamond-anvil high-pressure cell. Raman spectroscopy was designed and established employing spectrometric multichannel analyzer, imaging monochrometer and Raman notch filter, which facilitates optical alignments and sufficient light intensity. A synthetic naphthenic oil was examined by Raman scattering measurement. Some vibration modes increased continuously with pressure up to 2 GPa, and the others remained constant over 1 GPa, which almost agreed with the glass transition pressure estimated by falling-sphere viscometry.
   
3. Traction Experiments and Lubricants' Properties at High Pressure in Maintenance Tribology, Yuichi NAKAMURA, Ikuya FUJISHIRO, Eiji KONDOH*, Motofumi KURAHASHI*, Masanori TAKEMOTO* and Yoshiaki SHIA*: Macro/Micro/Meso Mechanical Properties of Materials, Proceedings of IMMM'93, pp.265-272, 1993.
   
   The friction and wear characteristics were investigated employing traction experiments using a four-roller traction machine and ferrography with the measurement of lubricants' properties under high pressure employing diamond-anvil high-pressure cell for maintenance tribology. A four roller traction machine was employed and synthetic lubricants, polyalphaolefine, tar naphthene and their blends were tested. The metal contact ratio was found to reduce with increasing the blend ratio of tar naphthene. The friction coefficient was resulted to rise with the increase of the viscosity-pressure coefficient of lubricant.
   
4. Microbiological Effect on Metal Corrosion in Seawater and Some Trials of Non­Traditional Processing. Yasushi KUROSAKI, Kazuya NAKAGAWA and Tomohiro HORIBA: Proc. of IMMM'93, International Seminar on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of New Engineering Materials, Tsu, pp.333­-338, 1993.
   
   As the first step for developing a new type of material processing utilizing microbiogenic functions, general behaviours of microbial corrosion in the seawater are examined experimentally by employing the corrosion test for OFHC and killed steel. In the case of killed steel, microorganisms prefer to corrode the in­grain to the grain boundary, and thus, the thickness reduction of specimens is by far more under the microbial environment than under a sterile condition. Microbiological effects on the corrosion of OFHC are confirmed. Based on the results of the corrosion test, some microbiogenic processings, referred to as MBM and MBD, are presented.
   
   
5. Thickness Dependence of Equi­Biaxial Yield Stress and Limit Strain in Electronic Copper Sheets and Foils. Yasushi KUROSAKI: Proc. of the 4th International Conference on Technology of Plasticity, Advanced Technology of plasticity 1993, Beijing, Vol.III, pp.1893­-1898, 1993.
   
    The thickness dependence of the equi­biaxial yield stress and the limit strain is examined for electronic copper foils and sheets ranging from 5 μm to 1 mm in thickness. A hydraulic microbulge test applicable to very thin metal foils is proposed for the equi­biaxial tension, and its validity is confirmed by computer simulation. The yield stresses in both the uniaxial and equi­biaxial tensions are dependent on the grain size, but not on thickness. Conventional plasiticity theories disregarding the thickness effect are still applicable up to foils 5 μm thick. However, the limit strain is markedly affected by the thickness.
   
   
6. An Earless Shape Function of Blanks in the Axi­-Symmetrical Deep-­Drawing. Hasan MULKI and Yasushi KUROSAKI: Proc. of the 4th International Conference on Technology of Plasticity, Advanced Technology of plasticity 1993, Beijing, Vol.III, pp.1573­-1578, 1993.
   
   An engineering expression with a limited number of parameters to formulate a blank­rim shape that causes no ears, is found and called "shape function". The earless blank shape is approached by means of iterative method, called the Successive Approximation Method (SAM). The Percent Reverse Method (PRM) is proposed as a practical simpler method for the same purpose. Elastic­plastic FEM simulation program is modified to estimate the shape function parameters. The validity of these method is discussed on the experimental and calculated results.
    
7. Study on Eccentricity in Cold Cup Extrusion (4th Report, Effects of Initial Eccentricity and Punch Nose Profile) [in Japanese]. Takaji MIZUNO*, Masahito MATSUI and Tokuo SHIRAI*: Trans. JSME, Series C, 59, pp. 581-­586, 1993.
   
   Deviation of punch load center from the punch center, lateral force exerted on the punch head and eccentricity between punch and die are measured through the forward cup extrusion. When an initial eccentricity exists between the punch and die, lateral force initiates and bends the punch toward the die center, then the eccentricity of the cup decreases with increase in punch penetration. This centripetence appears when both initial eccentricity and extrusion ratio are large. Conversely, when both initial eccentricity and extrusion ratio are small, the eccentricity induced by some disturbances increases with punch penetration. A coned punch surpasses a flat­ended punch in the centripetence, but is apt to become unstable as the process proceeds. A frustum­headed punch is concluded to be the most stable. An increase in the land length stabilizes the punch but tends to lead to galling..

Abstracts of Books and Reviews

1. Estimation of Refractive Index and Density of Lubricants under High Pressure by Brillouin Scattering, Yuichi NAKAMURA, Ikuya FUJISHIRO and Hiroshi KAWAKAMI: Bull. of Am. Phys. Soc., 38-6, pp.1520, 1993.
   
   Employing a diamond-anvil cell, Brillouin scattering spectra of 90°and 180°angles for synthetic lubricants (paraffinic and naphthenic oils) were measured and sound velocity, density and refractive index under high pressure were obtained. The density obtained from the thermodynamic relation was compared with that from Lorentz-Lorenz's formula. The density was also compared with Dowson's density-pressure equation of lubricants, and density-pressure characteristics of the paraffinic oil and naphthenic oil were described considering the molecular structure for solidified lubricants. The effect of such physical properties of lubricants on the elastohydrodynamic lubrication of roll bearings, gears and traction drives was considered.
   
   
2. Today's Problems Requiring for the Japan Society of High Pressure Science and Technology [in Japanese], Ikuya FUJISHIRO: The Review of High Pressure Science and Technology, 2-1, pp.1, 1993.
   
   Four years have passed after inauguration of the Japan Society of High Pressure Science. As the presidency of this Society, fundamental and urgent problems for the society are discussed and elucidated.
   
3. Attending the 14th AIRAPT/APS International Conference on High pressure [in Japanese], Ikuya FUJISHIRO, Hiroyasu SHIMIZU*, Masatada ARAKI*: The Review of High Pressure Science and Technology, 2-4, pp.331-332, 1993.
   
   The 1993 Joint Conference on High Pressure Science and Technology was held in Colorado Springs from  28 June to 2 July 1993, combining the 14th AIRAPT conference and the Biennial Technical Meeting (8th) of the American Physical Society Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter. Short reviews and impressions of this conference containing the plenary lectures and recent topics are described.
   
   
4. Ultimate Microfactory­­Microorganisms [in Japanese]. Yasushi KUROSAKI: Mechalife, No.32, pp.32-­33, 1993.
   
   From the viewpoint of developing a nontraditional material processing, various functions of microorganisims, such as bioaccumulation, formation of biogenesis materils, bioleaching and biocorrosion, are outlined, and some recent attempts of utilizing these functions by the author are presented. It is emphasised that microorganisms are ultimate microfactories or minimills, and indicate a future of material processings.